People Grouping in Iran     Major Azarbaijani cities include Tabriz, Urmia, Ardabil, Zanjan, Khoy, and Maragheh. In addition, an estimated one-third of the population of Tehran is Azarbaijani and there are sizable Azarbaijani minorities in other major cities, such as Hamadan, Karaj, and Qazvin. 2- Qashqai: The Qashqais are the second largest Turkic group in Iran. The Qashqais are a confederation of several Turkic-speaking tribes in Fars Province numbering about 250,000 people. They are pastoral nomads who move with their herds of sheep and goats between summer pastures in the higher elevations of the Zagros south of Shiraz and winter pastures at low elevations north of Shiraz. Their migration routes are considered to be among the longest and most difficult of all of Iran's pastoral tribes. The majority of Qashqais are Shi'aats. The total Turkic-speaking population of Fars was estimated to be about 500,000 in 1986.   Nomadic Qashqai families normally move to new grazing grounds according to the climates. Such traveling is called "kuch kardan" in Farsi. Kuch is the main characteristic of nomads in Iran. 3- Other Groups: Many other Turkic-speaking groups are scattered throughout Iran, but mainly along the northern tier of provinces. In the northeastern part of East Azarbaijan live some fifty tribes collectively called the Ilsavan (the ex-Shahsavan). The Ilsavan, who may number as many as 100,000, are pastoral and take their flocks to summer pastures on the high slopes of Mount Sabalan and to winter pastures in the Dasht-e Moghan, adjacent to the Aras River, which forms the frontier between Iran and the ex-Soviet Union. The Ilsavan first appeared in Iranian history as staunch supporters of the Safavid dynasty, which originated during the 15th cent. in Ardabil, a town located in a valley on the south side of Mount Sabalan. .   The Qajars, from whom came the royal family that Reza Shah dethroned, form a Turkic-speaking enclave among the Mazandarani. Some are settled agriculturists while others are pastoral nomads. In the northeastern part of Mazandaran, in a region known as the Turkman Sahra, live several tribes of Turkomans, some of which are sections of larger tribes living across the border in the ex-Soviet Union. In 1986 the number of Turkomans in Iran was estimated to be about 250,000. Several small, nomadic, Turkic-speaking groups, including Qarapakhs and Uzbeks, live in Khorasan. Small numbers of Qarapakhs also live in northwestern Iran along the southern shore of Lake Urmia.   Indo-Iranian-speaking Groups Lurs and Bakhtiaris: In the central and southern Zagross live the Bakhtiaris and the Lurs, two groups that speak Luri, a language closely related to Persian. The tribal leaders or khans, especially those of the Bakhtiari tribes, were involved in national politics and were considered part of the pre-revolutionary elite. Bakhtiaris: The Bakhtiaris have been considered both a political and a tribal entity separate from other Lurs for at least two centuries. They are concentrated in an area extending southward from Lurestan province to Khuzestan Province and westward from Isfahan to within eighty kilometers of the present-day Iraqi border. A pastoral nomadic tribe called Bakhtiari can be traced back in Iranian history to as early as the fourteenth century, but the important Bakhtiari tribal confederation dates only from the nineteenth century.